Table 2

Biomarkers reported as outcomes in 54 studies of adult sedentary behaviour interventions ≥7 days

Outcomes	Studies	Detail	Quality factors
Body anthropometry	52
Body weight*	45	45 wt, 39 body mass index BMI	Objective† / self-report: 44/1
Waist circumference*	37	37 circumference*, 2 waist:hip ratio	Objective† / self-report: 36/1
Other body measurements	9	7 hip circumference, 1 neck circumference, 2 sagittal abdominal diameter	Objective† / self-report: 36/1
Body composition	25		BIA: 12 DXA: 5 BIS: 2 BADP: 3 Skinfold(s): 2 Unreported: 1
Total fat	25	20 percentage of body weight, 11 mass
Total fat-free or lean	13	12 percentage of body weight, 1 mass*,
Other	5	fat mass or % (4 truncal, 1 arm, 1 leg, 1 android %, 1 gynoid %); fat-free mass or % (1 arm, 1 leg); 1 skeletal muscle mass; 1 visceral fat area
Blood pressure (BP) regulation	37
Resting BP *	37	37 systolic, 36 diastolic, two mean arterial BP	Objective† / self-report: 36/1
Ambulatory BP	0	–	–
Heart rate	5	3 resting, 2 non-resting	Objective† / self-report: 5/0
Detailed vascular health measures	3	1 flow mediated dilation, 1 carotid intima media thickness, 1 aortic augmentation index, 1 subendocardial variability, 1 pulse wave velocity	Objective† / self-report: 3/0
Glucose metabolism	31
Fasting glucose*	27		Venous / capillary: 20/7
Fasting insulin*	13
HOMA / HOMA-2	7	6 HOMA-IR, 2 HOMA-%B, 1 HOMA2-%B, 1 HOMA2-%S
Postprandial glucose / insulin	4	4 postprandial glucose, 1 postprandial insulin, 1 insulin AUC, 1 glucose AUC, 1 C-ISI	Venous / capillary: 4/0 Duration: all 2 hours test
C-peptide	0		–
HbA1c*	17	15 HbA1c, 2 'estimated average glucose' reported as HbA1c	Venous / capillary: 15/2
Lipid metabolism	33
Cholesterol levels or ratios	33	29 total, 28 HDL, 24 LDL*, 1 VLDL, 1 non-LDL, 5 total/HDL, 2 LDL/HDL	Venous / capillary: 25/8 fasted / insufficient / non-fasted state: 25/1/7
Triglycerides*	32
Other	3	1 cholesterol diameter; 1 lipoprotein lipase; 3 apolipoproteins (APO): 3 APO-A1, 3 APO-B, 2 APO-A1/APO-B
Inflammation	4
C reactive protein (CRP)	4	2 CRP; two high-sensitivity CRP	Venous / capillary: 4/0 fasted / insufficient / non-fasted state: 4/0/0
Other: TNF-α, IL-6	0		–

Data were extracted from the earlier paper related to this study Balducci 2017 when it was not reported in the 2019 paper (body fat percentage; fat-free mass; BMI; fasting insulin; HOMA).
*Outcome included in the meta-analyses: was reported in >5 of the 33 studies eligible for the effectiveness meta-analyses (had control arm, no additional relevant intervention provided apart from active behaviours).
†Measured objectively by research staff.
AUC, area under the curve; BADP, body air displacement plethysmography; BIA, multifrequency bioimpedance analysis; BIS, bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; BMI, body mass index; C-ISI, composite insulin sensitivity index; DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-2, revised homeostatic model assessment; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.