Sodium replacement and fluid shifts during prolonged exercise in humans

Abstract.

In the study presented here, we examined the affects of a close to complete replacement of sweat water and Na⁺ losses on fluid shifts during exercise. Six cyclists performed three 4-h rides at 55% of their peak oxygen uptake in a 20°C environment while consuming 3.85 l of an 8% carbohydrate solution containing 5, 50 or 100 mEq·l^–1 of Na⁺. Increases in Na⁺ intake reduced renal free water clearance from around 40 ml·h^–1 to –8 and –121 ml·h^–1 and led to a decrease in urine volume from ≅1.0 to 0.5 l (P<0.05). In contrast, the 3.5–3.9 l fluid and 150–190 mEq Na⁺ losses in sweat were similar in each trial, as were the ≅80 mEq K⁺ losses in sweat and urine and the 282–288 mosmol·kg^–1 plasma osmolalities. During the low-Na⁺ trial, plasma osmolality was maintained by a ≅1.3 l contraction of extracellular fluid (ECF) with the loss of ≅200 mEq Na⁺. However, in the other trials, ≅1.3 l of water was lost from the intracellular fluid. During the medium-Na⁺ trial, a loss of only ≅40 mEq Na⁺ maintained ECF volume, and during the high-Na⁺ trial, a gain of ≅160 mEq Na⁺ expanded the ECF by ≅0.8 l. However, corresponding changes in plasma volumes from –0.20 to 0.15 l had no effect on cardiovascular drift or thermoregulation. These data suggest that during prolonged exercise of moderate intensity under mild environmental conditions when sweat rates are ≅0.9 l·h^–1, complete Na⁺ replacement maintains plasma volume and reduces dehydration, but when fluid intake matches sweat rate, has little effect on plasma osmolality.