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The Sympathetic Nervous System and Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review

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Abstract

Background

Tendinopathy is a clinical diagnosis of localised tendon pain often confirmed by imaging findings. The pathophysiological cause of the pain is unknown and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may be implicated.

Objective

To review what is known regarding the role of the SNS in human tendinopathy.

Study selection

Published data describing sympathetic innervation or an index of sympathetic activity in human tendons were eligible for inclusion.

Data sources

Bibliographical databases (AMED, Biological Abstracts, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) were searched for relevant articles. Reference lists from included articles were screened for additional articles.

Study appraisal

Studies were scored with a quality assessment tool to identify potential sources of bias. Each question had an explicit decision rule to guide assessment.

Results

Nine case–control and four cross-sectional studies examined sympathetic innervation of tendons. There was evidence suggesting a lack of difference in sympathetic innervation of tendon proper between tendinopathy biopsies and healthy controls. In contrast, the paratendinous tissue showed evidence of increased sympathetic innervation in painful tendons. The most notable increase in SNS markers was seen in abnormal tenocytes from painful tendons. Data from two studies were suitable for meta-analysis. These heterogeneous studies revealed no difference in sympathetic innervation between painful and pain-free tendons. No studies recorded SNS activity in vivo.

Conclusion

Sympathetic innervation in painful tendons depends on tissue type. Abnormal tenocytes may have increased capacity for self-production of sympathetic neurotransmitters. Future insight may be gained by measuring global in vivo sympathetic drive in tendinopathy.

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Acknowledgments

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors had no potential conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Medical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Jacob L. Jewson

  2. Laboratory of Human Neurotransmitters, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Gavin W. Lambert

  3. Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University Melbourne, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia

    Michael Storr

  4. Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia

    James E. Gaida

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Correspondence to Jacob L. Jewson.

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Jewson, J.L., Lambert, G.W., Storr, M. et al. The Sympathetic Nervous System and Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 45, 727–743 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0300-9

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